Integration of Renewable Energy in Smart Grids for Tropical Environments

This article consists of technologies to integrate renewable energy for future smart grids in tropical environments. Here we have mentioned the smart grid, features, technology, and how it is managed. Some manufacturing problems caused by nanoscale when making flexible solar cells using nanowires. Low cast mini-hydro plant constructed by whirlpool motion of the water in low water head condition. To create electricity, Tidal range generated by the tidal barrage and tidal lagoon, developed countries such as France, Britain, and Canada use tidal technology to generate electricity. The main methods of generating electricity from wave energy and the main equipment used for services are mentioned in the problems that arise there. Wind-hydro and wind-solar optimization scheduling system simulation using PSO algorithm.

Introduction

Electricity, powers our TVs, computers, air conditioners, cell phones, and washing machines, etc. we have a bent to additionally use energy to run cars, planes, trains...etc. Global energy demand is growing exponentially day by day. Today, fossil, nuclear power, gas, conventional energy has made a significant contribution to the power generation of the world. However, they must also lead to an increase in emissions, a contribution to global warming and human health degradation. The newly published reference case for the International Energy Outlook 2019 (IEO2019), the U.S. The Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates that world energy demand between 2018 and 2050 will rise by almost 50 percent [1].

A smart grid is an electric grid that integrates several measures of operation and electricity, including,

·        Smart meters

·        Smart appliances

·        Renewable energy resources

·        Energy-efficient resources 

The important aspects of the smart grid are the primary purpose of the Smart Network Adding electrical energy on different scales and It is properly regulated and distributed according to need.

·        Reliability

·        Flexibility in network topology

·        Smart Grid technologies and interactions

·        Efficiency

     The fundamental technologies driving the Smart Grid to relate,

·        Renewable energy

·        IoT-type data-gathering

·        Communication

·        Analytics

·        Control

                                   

                                                    Figure 1:   Smart grid architecture

Renewable energy sources are mainly wind turbines and photovoltaic (PV) solar panels. Communicated to a centralized management purpose which will perform analysis and management functions. This permits balancing of power loads, troubleshooting of outages, and management of distribution. The grid develops self-healing properties, as control systems will notice easy issues and impact repairs while not intervention. Lots of significant infrastructure injuries are going to be reported back to technicians within the management center, granting a timely repair response. To improve dependableness and period, the grid will become reconciling, with power being rerouted to travel around any drawback areas [2]. While IoT-type intelligence can permit operators to visualize and manage their sensible grids reliably and efficiently, it'll conjointly provide energy users bigger management.

 

Solar cells and Nanowire technology

 

We focus on the production of flexible solar cells to minimize load and value, to increase shock resistance, and to promote transportation, storage, and installation. Although several studies have documented flexible devices using thin films of organic, amorphous, and polycrystalline Si and other inorganic semiconductors, one dimensional (1D) nano/microstructure systems of high crystallinity inorganic semiconductors provide a major improvement in the efficiency of energy conversion [3]. Photoelectrochemical cells (PEC) uses proto anode material for flexible solar panels are TiO2, ZnO, and Si nanotubes/nanowires, either grown on or transferred to flexible substrates [4]. In a tropical environment, sunlight reaches a large extent, so it can be used as the main energy generator. It gives the future world a great advantage over a country. High-quality solar panels and flexible devices of various sizes that can store a large amount of energy are highly productive and can be used extensively.

 

Challenges in Making Nanowires Solar Cells

The 1dimensional nanoscale structure makes it impossible to use traditional methods of measurement to calculate the electrical properties of nanowires. It Is more suitable for a planner layer to use conventional methods compared to the nanowires. The quasi-one-dimensional geometry of the Nanowires precludes traditional measurements of the Hall Effect unless highly

sophisticated methods are used to shape electrical contacts with the Nanowires [5].

Measurements of the field-effect are frequently used on NWs, but their interpretation is highly affected by modeling assumptions and thus, the uncertainty within the approximate capacitance term of the gate, systematically distorting the apparent relationship between diameter and also the determined mobility, Difficulties in obtaining ohmic contacts, particularly to p-type materials [6].

NWs have an outsized surface-to-volume ratio because of the nanoscale 1-D cylindrical structure and the scale is frequently over 100 times larger relative to thin-film structures. the surface breaks the periodicity of the 3-dimensional bulk and there is a related transition within the electronic structure [7].

 

Cost-efficient Mini hydro plant using low whirlpool

In this process use, the whirlpool motion of water across the turbine method. There is a small size area compared to the other plants so can increase the generation units to requirements of power, can get profit in a short period, and less maintenance, construction cost. Use low water highs because it is activated by water whirlpool Based. In this scenario can’t be the exact measurement of water pressure and height because water flow always changes [8]. The turbine is mounted in the round basin and water enters it from above and Leaves the lower part of the basin. This basin inlet connects to the river. Basin can be manufacture in PVC [8].                                    

Figure 2:  Whirlpool basin model

 

Rivers of various sizes thrive in all tropical environments. This is of much greater value for the smart grid concept than for the typical large-reservoir electrical plant. Because they are portable, these devices can be used for energy peak time by creating a system that can be put into the water and retrieved according to power demand. Because they are portable, these devices can be used for energetic times by creating a system that can be put in and retrieved according to power demand.

 

Wave energy

The water of the oceans of the world is almost always in motion hardly because interrupted waves break at the coastlines. Sometimes strong, sometimes weaker. There is enormous energy.

Hydro wave chin is developing technologies to convert this inexhaustible energy into electric power without the emission of harmful greenhouse gases.

Wave energy devices are subdivided into six main sections. These devices transform the energy of the stored ocean directly into electricity [9].

·       The prime mover

·       Foundations

·       Moorings

·       Power take-off

·       Control Systems

·       Connection

As well, there are divided mainly 3 types of devices used to wave energy generation,

 

Shoreline devices –     Attach to the natural rock face. It's near to the power sub-grid. Easy to maintain and some energy loss. Used Oscillating water column or Overtopping devices wave energy convertor [9].

 

Near–shore Devices-  Position in shallow water. It has some disadvantages compared with Shoreline devices. used Oscillating wave surge converters, point absorber, and submerged pressure wave energy convertor [9].

 

Offshore Devices-      Position deep into the water. In device held to the seabed using mooring devices. Cost is high compared to the other methods. Used Attenuator or Bulge wave devices and Rotating mass converters wave energy convertor [9].

 

This is how easily energy can be generated with a wave power station day and night all year round as long as there are waves. Normally in tropical climates, the wave energy produces up to twenty kilowatt per meter near the coast and twenty to thirty kilowatt per meter in the deep and intermediate waters. The cost of construction and maintenance is very high value.

                                    

   

Figure 3:Worldwide wave power distribution

Challenges of Wave Energy Systems

Wave energy converters are facing a lot of challenges. There are environmental, design, installation, and operation challenges. Wave power mainly depends on wave height and time. Those factors exactly can’t predict the expected power production. There is some resistance to installing large scale shoreline devices in local coastal areas [10]. Seawater is highly corrosive and withstands the operational load, hurricanes, and storms. So the cost effect is high. Wave energy is in the beginner stages compared to the other renewable energy technologies, so this technology progress in theoretical, experimental, and model testing using static models in the laboratory [10], not the large scale commercial stages.

 

Tidal power

It is a method of converting the energy of a naturally occurring tidal phenomenon into electrical energy. This phenomenon is caused by the force exerted on the earth by the rotation of the sun and moon. Tidal power stations are constructed only along the coastline.

Both wind power and ocean converters have the same capacities in terms of rated power. Tidal current converters can produce 4 times more energy in a year.

The average distance between water levels is 5 or more than 5 meters high to produce tidal electricity can be created from several technologies.

Following 6 different types of tidal stream devices [9].

·       Horizontal axis turbine

·       Vertical axis turbine

·       Oscillating device or oscillating hydrofoil

·       Ducted turbines or enclosed tips

·       Archimedes Screw

·       Tidal Kite

In this research they experienced, Tidal stream electricity generation technology is better than wave energy [9]. Commonly tidal converts can be operating at higher fluid density with different environmental conditions. Here the reason for the increase in efficiency of the turbine is that the ocean water is denser than normal water. So there is more power on the turbine. The density is 832 times larger than normal air. Hydropower and tidal range generation have a lot of similarities. Because both of them operate using some height difference. It is doing by a tidal barrage or tidal lagoon using low head turbines to generate electricity. A tidal barrage is a dam. It is a method of generating electricity based on the difference between high and low tide potentials. Tidal lagoons build like independent enclosures in the estuarine area. It creates some flexibility and less expensive [9].

In both cases, the mechanical energy of the tidal is converted into electrical energy using Only underwater turbines. To get the continuous constant power flow using multi basin schemes. Currently, developed countries such as France, Britain, and Canada use tidal technology to generate electricity. The tidal wave level near the equator is normal. These are easy principles and power is very effective but the cost of the material/construction is very high. This may not provide a long-term energy solution to a very large area, but through the smart grid concept, it will be possible to provide a very effective and cost-effective service to the surrounding area in the future.

                    

         

             Figure 4:Tidal range generation in the world

 

Can well understand the oceans tidal patterns, this energy can be used to generate electricity very well at a certain period of the year. So predictable a power plant system can be very well managed with an electrical grid. Easy to construct, no greenhouse gas emission directly, and renewable energy source. Nowadays, the use of tidal technology has slowed down and the electricity generated is relatively small. These are not suitable for daily use on a large scale and they are extra plants for generating electricity.

 

Optimal scheduling system

The wind-hydropower plant coordinate

When integrating the wind power installation, some wind power fluctuations happen. So we want to do some limits and optimize it. In this case, the following methods are used to determine the uncertainty of wind power [11].

·       The stochastic programming theory

·       the effects of previously noted wind data records

·       power forecast confidence levels

·       past penalty parameters settings on optimal dispatching

To get an optimal solution use the particle swarm optimization method [11]. This system aims to reduce the curtailment, fluctuation, and uncertainty of wind power. The main processing part of this project is irrigation scheduling information and wind farm prediction system. This system has 4-layer architecture [11].

1.     Physical layer

2.     Information layer        - scheduling, wind power prediction, indeterminate hydropower are affecting to impact of peak and valley electricity measuring data

3.     Computing layer         - Computing layers about wind power fluctuation characteristics (The algorithm is used to increase the speed and efficiency of the processes that take place here)

4.     Service layer- Service layer real-time watching model, intelligent dispatching.  

     

Figure 5:  4-Layer Architecture

 

This was done by China and is almost completely unusable happen in a tropical environment with some variations but this architecture can be used to update those changing factors.

 

Wind-solar power plant coordinate

Used piecewise linear mixed-integer optimization formula to get the uncertainty and solve by using CPLEX v12.0 in GAMS [12]. Finally, they observed, the use of renewable generators can bring profits back to the power system and increase overall profitability and a highly secure supply system can be guaranteed. In this case, they applied their simulations to solve genetic algorithms, particle swarm optimization(PSO), mixed-integer linear and nonlinear optimization programming [12].  This was done by the UK in a tropical environment where these simulation data get different values.

In this part, optimize the design of the photovoltaic grid using these methods. Kornelakis and Koutroulis applied a 2 step optimization, first the number of photovoltaic modules and their specifications were selected to meet the dimensional constraints. Next, find the optimal configuration to maximize the net profit using genetic algorithms. Kornelakis applied

connected systems [12].

 

It is essential that the various sources of energy used in the management of the energy system be properly regulated taking into account the various factors present in them. This optimum scheduling system is very important for that. All these optima scheduling system simulations are not yet practically used commercially. Because the results obtained in these experiments were not applied to the left in practice, the success of these algorithms may not be accurate.

Conclusion

This article purpose Solar cell technology, mini-hydro plant methodology, wave energy, tidal power, and optimum scheduling system technology combines with smart grid systems in a tropical environment. In the future, the use of electrical energy will be very high so a smart grid has the potential to do better energy management than the macro grid. Solar cell technology, Mini hydro plant methodology is ideal for the tropics. Solar panels can be made efficient using nanotechnology and can interact with smart grids in a variety of sizes. the mini-hydro plant is a very cost-effective and efficient generator in rural areas. Wave energy and tidal power are largely cost-effective new energy generators. Tidal power, the energy system is of great importance to tropical countries with oceans for future use as a good additional power plant. By activating the optimal scheduling system, these energies can be added to the electrical system in a very high-quality manner. In this case, the data records of the optimal scheduling system are obtained by running the computer simulation. These mentioned technicalities are suitable for analysis and application in a tropical environment.

References

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