This article consists of technologies to integrate renewable
energy for future smart grids in tropical environments. Here we have mentioned the
smart grid, features, technology, and how it is managed. Some manufacturing
problems caused by nanoscale when making flexible solar cells using nanowires.
Low cast mini-hydro plant constructed by whirlpool motion of the water in low
water head condition. To create electricity, Tidal range generated by the tidal
barrage and tidal lagoon, developed countries such as France, Britain, and
Canada use tidal technology to generate electricity. The main methods of
generating electricity from wave energy and the main equipment used for
services are mentioned in the problems that arise there. Wind-hydro and
wind-solar optimization scheduling system simulation using PSO algorithm.
Introduction
Electricity, powers our TVs,
computers, air conditioners, cell phones, and washing machines, etc. we have a bent to additionally use
energy to run cars, planes, trains...etc. Global energy demand is growing
exponentially day by day. Today, fossil,
nuclear power, gas, conventional energy
has made a significant contribution to the power generation of the world.
However, they must also lead to an increase in emissions, a contribution to
global warming and human health degradation. The newly
published reference case for the International Energy Outlook 2019 (IEO2019),
the U.S. The Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates that world
energy demand between 2018 and 2050 will rise by almost 50 percent [1].
A smart grid is an electric grid
that integrates several measures of operation and electricity, including,
·
Smart meters
·
Smart appliances
·
Renewable energy
resources
·
Energy-efficient
resources
The important aspects of the smart
grid are the primary purpose of the Smart Network Adding electrical energy on
different scales and It is properly regulated and distributed according to
need.
·
Reliability
·
Flexibility in network
topology
·
Smart Grid
technologies and interactions
·
Efficiency
The fundamental technologies driving the
Smart Grid to relate,
·
Renewable
energy
·
IoT-type
data-gathering
·
Communication
·
Analytics
·
Control
Renewable energy
sources are mainly wind turbines and photovoltaic (PV) solar panels. Communicated to a centralized management
purpose which will perform analysis and management functions. This permits
balancing of power loads, troubleshooting of outages, and management of
distribution. The grid develops self-healing properties, as control systems
will notice easy issues and impact repairs while not intervention. Lots of
significant infrastructure injuries are going to be reported back to
technicians within the management center, granting a timely repair response. To
improve dependableness and period, the grid will become reconciling, with power
being rerouted to travel around any drawback areas [2]. While IoT-type
intelligence can permit operators to visualize and manage their sensible grids
reliably and efficiently, it'll conjointly provide energy users bigger
management.
Solar
cells and Nanowire technology
We focus on the
production of flexible solar cells to minimize load and value, to increase
shock resistance, and to promote transportation, storage, and installation.
Although several studies have documented flexible devices using thin films of
organic, amorphous, and polycrystalline Si and other inorganic semiconductors,
one dimensional (1D) nano/microstructure systems of high crystallinity
inorganic semiconductors provide a major improvement in the efficiency of
energy conversion [3]. Photoelectrochemical cells
(PEC) uses proto anode material for flexible solar panels are TiO2, ZnO, and Si
nanotubes/nanowires, either grown on or transferred to flexible substrates [4].
In a tropical environment,
sunlight reaches a large extent, so it can be used as the main energy
generator. It gives the future world a great advantage over a country.
High-quality solar panels and flexible devices of various sizes that can store
a large amount of energy are highly productive and can be used extensively.
Challenges
in Making Nanowires Solar Cells
The 1dimensional nanoscale
structure makes it impossible to use traditional methods of measurement to
calculate the electrical properties of nanowires. It Is more suitable for a
planner layer to use conventional methods compared to the nanowires. The quasi-one-dimensional
geometry of the Nanowires precludes traditional measurements of the Hall Effect
unless highly
sophisticated methods are used to
shape electrical contacts with the Nanowires [5].
Measurements of the field-effect are frequently used on NWs, but their
interpretation is highly affected by modeling assumptions and thus, the
uncertainty within the approximate capacitance term of the gate, systematically distorting the apparent
relationship between diameter and also the determined mobility, Difficulties in
obtaining ohmic contacts, particularly to p-type materials [6].
NWs have an outsized
surface-to-volume ratio because of the nanoscale 1-D cylindrical structure and
the scale is frequently over 100 times larger relative to thin-film structures.
the surface breaks the periodicity of the 3-dimensional bulk and there is a
related transition within the electronic structure [7].
Cost-efficient Mini hydro plant using low
whirlpool
In this process use, the whirlpool motion of water across the turbine method. There is a small size area compared to the other plants so can increase the generation units to requirements of power, can get profit in a short period, and less maintenance, construction cost. Use low water highs because it is activated by water whirlpool Based. In this scenario can’t be the exact measurement of water pressure and height because water flow always changes [8]. The turbine is mounted in the round basin and water enters it from above and Leaves the lower part of the basin. This basin inlet connects to the river. Basin can be manufacture in PVC [8].
Rivers of various sizes thrive in
all tropical environments. This is of much
greater value for the smart grid concept than for the typical large-reservoir
electrical plant. Because they are portable, these devices can be used for
energy peak time by creating a system that can be put into the water and
retrieved according to power demand. Because
they are portable, these devices can be used for energetic times by creating a
system that can be put in and retrieved according to power demand.
Wave energy
The water of the oceans of the
world is almost always in motion hardly because interrupted waves break at the
coastlines. Sometimes strong, sometimes weaker. There is enormous energy.
Hydro wave chin is developing
technologies to convert this inexhaustible energy into electric power without
the emission of harmful greenhouse gases.
Wave energy devices are subdivided
into six main sections. These devices transform the energy of the stored ocean
directly into electricity [9].
·
The prime mover
·
Foundations
·
Moorings
·
Power take-off
·
Control Systems
·
Connection
As well, there are divided mainly 3
types of devices used to wave energy generation,
Shoreline devices – Attach to the natural rock face. It's near
to the power sub-grid. Easy to maintain and some energy loss. Used Oscillating
water column or Overtopping devices wave energy convertor [9].
Near–shore Devices- Position in shallow water. It has some
disadvantages compared with Shoreline devices. used Oscillating wave surge
converters, point absorber, and submerged pressure wave energy convertor [9].
Offshore Devices- Position deep into the water. In device
held to the seabed using mooring devices. Cost is high compared to the other
methods. Used Attenuator or Bulge wave devices and Rotating mass converters
wave energy convertor [9].
This is how easily energy can be
generated with a wave power station day and night all year round as long as
there are waves. Normally in tropical climates, the wave energy produces up to
twenty kilowatt per meter near the coast and twenty to thirty kilowatt per
meter in the deep and intermediate waters. The
cost of construction and maintenance is very high value.
Challenges of Wave Energy
Systems
Wave energy converters are facing a
lot of challenges. There are environmental, design, installation, and operation
challenges. Wave power mainly depends on wave height and time. Those factors
exactly can’t predict the expected power production. There is some resistance to
installing large scale shoreline devices in local coastal areas [10]. Seawater
is highly corrosive and withstands the operational load, hurricanes, and
storms. So the cost effect is high. Wave energy is in the beginner stages
compared to the other renewable energy technologies, so this technology
progress in theoretical, experimental, and model testing using static models in
the laboratory [10], not the large scale commercial stages.
Tidal power
It is a method of converting the
energy of a naturally occurring tidal phenomenon into electrical energy. This
phenomenon is caused by the force exerted on the earth by the rotation of the
sun and moon. Tidal power stations are constructed only along the coastline.
Both wind power and ocean
converters have the same capacities in terms of rated power. Tidal current
converters can produce 4 times more energy in a year.
The average distance between water
levels is 5 or more than 5 meters high to produce tidal electricity can be
created from several technologies.
Following 6 different types of
tidal stream devices [9].
·
Horizontal axis
turbine
·
Vertical axis turbine
·
Oscillating device or
oscillating hydrofoil
·
Ducted turbines or
enclosed tips
·
Archimedes Screw
·
Tidal Kite
In this research they experienced,
Tidal stream electricity generation technology is better than wave energy [9].
Commonly tidal converts can be operating at higher fluid density with different
environmental conditions. Here the reason for the increase in efficiency of the
turbine is that the ocean water is denser than normal water. So there is more
power on the turbine. The density is 832 times larger than normal air.
Hydropower and tidal range generation have a lot of similarities. Because both
of them operate using some height difference. It is doing by a tidal
barrage or tidal lagoon using low head turbines to generate electricity. A
tidal barrage is a dam. It is a method of generating electricity based on
the difference between high and low tide potentials. Tidal lagoons build like
independent enclosures in the estuarine area. It creates some flexibility and
less expensive [9].
In both cases, the mechanical
energy of the tidal is converted into electrical energy using Only
underwater turbines. To get the continuous constant power flow using multi
basin schemes. Currently, developed countries such as France, Britain, and
Canada use tidal technology to generate electricity. The tidal wave level near the equator is normal. These are easy principles and power is very effective but
the cost of the material/construction is very high. This may not provide a
long-term energy solution to a very large area, but through the smart grid
concept, it will be possible to provide a very effective and cost-effective
service to the surrounding area in the future.
Figure 4:Tidal range
generation in the world
Can well understand the oceans
tidal patterns, this energy can be used to generate electricity very well
at a certain period of the year. So predictable a power plant system can be
very well managed with an electrical grid. Easy to construct, no greenhouse gas
emission directly, and renewable energy source. Nowadays, the use of tidal
technology has slowed down and the electricity generated is relatively small.
These are not suitable for daily use on a large scale and they are extra plants
for generating electricity.
Optimal scheduling system
The wind-hydropower
plant coordinate
When integrating the wind power installation, some wind power fluctuations happen. So we want to do some limits and optimize it. In this case, the following methods are used to determine the uncertainty of wind power [11].
· The stochastic programming theory
· the effects of previously noted wind data records
· power forecast confidence levels
· past penalty parameters settings on optimal dispatching
To get an optimal solution use the
particle swarm optimization method [11]. This system aims to reduce the
curtailment, fluctuation, and uncertainty of wind power. The main processing
part of this project is irrigation scheduling information and wind farm
prediction system. This system has 4-layer architecture [11].
1.
Physical layer
2. Information
layer - scheduling, wind power
prediction, indeterminate hydropower are affecting to impact of peak and valley
electricity measuring data
3. Computing layer - Computing layers about wind power fluctuation characteristics (The algorithm is used to increase the speed and efficiency of the processes that take place here)
4.
Service layer- Service
layer real-time watching model, intelligent dispatching.
This was done by China and is
almost completely unusable happen in a tropical environment with some
variations but this architecture can be used to update those changing factors.
Wind-solar
power plant coordinate
Used piecewise linear mixed-integer
optimization formula to get the uncertainty and solve by using CPLEX v12.0 in GAMS
[12]. Finally, they observed, the use of renewable generators can bring
profits back to the power system and increase
overall profitability and a highly secure supply system can be guaranteed. In
this case, they applied their simulations to solve genetic
algorithms, particle swarm optimization(PSO), mixed-integer linear and
nonlinear optimization programming [12]. This was done by the UK in a tropical
environment where these simulation data get different values.
In this part, optimize the design
of the photovoltaic grid using these methods. Kornelakis
and Koutroulis applied a 2 step optimization, first the number of photovoltaic
modules and their specifications were selected to meet the dimensional
constraints. Next, find the optimal configuration to maximize the net
profit using genetic algorithms. Kornelakis applied
connected
systems [12].
It is essential that the various sources of energy used in
the management of the energy system be properly regulated taking into account
the various factors present in them. This optimum scheduling system is very
important for that. All these optima scheduling system simulations are not yet
practically used commercially. Because the results obtained in these
experiments were not applied to the left in practice, the success of these
algorithms may not be accurate.
Conclusion
This article purpose Solar cell technology, mini-hydro plant methodology, wave energy, tidal power, and optimum scheduling system technology combines with smart grid systems in a tropical environment. In the future, the use of electrical energy will be very high so a smart grid has the potential to do better energy management than the macro grid. Solar cell technology, Mini hydro plant methodology is ideal for the tropics. Solar panels can be made efficient using nanotechnology and can interact with smart grids in a variety of sizes. the mini-hydro plant is a very cost-effective and efficient generator in rural areas. Wave energy and tidal power are largely cost-effective new energy generators. Tidal power, the energy system is of great importance to tropical countries with oceans for future use as a good additional power plant. By activating the optimal scheduling system, these energies can be added to the electrical system in a very high-quality manner. In this case, the data records of the optimal scheduling system are obtained by running the computer simulation. These mentioned technicalities are suitable for analysis and application in a tropical environment.
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